“空心村”是我國農(nóng)村地區(qū)普遍存在的一個(gè)現(xiàn)象，整個(gè)村莊的原住民都搬遷到新農(nóng)村住宅區(qū)去了，剩下他們破舊的宅基地。FA 設(shè)計(jì)師公社選了西窯頭村為改建空心村的開首，該村有 16 塊宅基地，改造后成為共享農(nóng)莊，為農(nóng)民提供宅基地的收益，解決當(dāng)?shù)夭糠重毨舻木蜆I(yè)，振興蔚縣的剪紙，打樹花等非遺的文化傳承。河北張家口西窯頭農(nóng)村振興項(xiàng)目始于FA青年建筑師獎(jiǎng)競賽，“西窯洞里”是勝出的十二位設(shè)計(jì)師作品之一。
"Hollow villages" are a common phenomenon in China rural areas. Most of the aboriginal households of the village have moved to the new rural residential areas, leaving their dilapidated homesteads. Considering the cultural heritage in Yu County such as paper-cutting, wood crafting and ‘Fiery Trees and Silver Flowers’, the Fortune Art (FA) Homestay selected Xiyaotou Village, out of 100 villages in Yu County, as the beginning of village poverty alleviation. The village have been transformed into communal farms to provide local villagers with income via offering accommodation, local food services and activities. The rural revitalization project of Xiyaotou Village started with the 2018 FA Emerging Architect Award. "Grotto Retreat Xiyaotou" is one of the 12 winning designs.
項(xiàng)目鳥瞰 Aerial view of the project ?郭哲
項(xiàng)目近景 Close view of the project ?郭哲
“西窯洞里”南側(cè)是湖景及當(dāng)?shù)卮宀柯洌眰?cè)是自然綠化景觀。沿東西軸線，在這塊扁長的地塊上平行于邊界布置。
The Southern side of "Grotto Retreat Xiyaotou" is facing a lake and the local villages, while the Northern side is facing a mini forest. The complex is arranged parallel to the elongated site, along the East-West axis.
西窯洞里周邊環(huán)境 Surrounding environment of "Grotto Retreat Xiyaotou" ?郭哲
西窯洞里南側(cè)沿湖外觀 Exterior along the lake in the South ?郭哲
設(shè)計(jì)概念以農(nóng)村與城市人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)的本質(zhì)差別作起點(diǎn)，以直立式“窯洞”融入木棧道的手法重新呈現(xiàn)場地原有的窯洞居所，通過把原始 (農(nóng)村“熟人社會(huì)”) 的洞穴居住形式并置于現(xiàn)代(城市“陌人社會(huì)”) 的生活模式，從而希望實(shí)現(xiàn)一個(gè)公共與私密并存的社區(qū)群體。
The design concept starts with the radical difference between the rural and urban interpersonal networks, the native cave dwellings of the site are re-interpreted as vertical "grottos”. By flowing the bridge of connectivity in between the private “grottos”, the design attempts to realize a community in which public and private coexist.
原始洞穴居住形式 Primitive cave dwelling form, Source: A( )VOID 一間建筑
隱藏的四乘六米的軸線網(wǎng)格源于場地原有窯洞居所之長寬比尺寸，作為連廊結(jié)構(gòu)布置的基調(diào)，精神意義上支撐著新建筑群。在新建“窯洞”的處理手法上，取道于分散的量體、雙曲線有機(jī)形體、門窗框尺寸比例和當(dāng)?shù)氐牟牧吓c建造方式，使建筑群可兼容于場地以及其他作品之間。
The bridge is supported by a hidden four-by-six-meter grid, which is derived from the length-to-width ratio of the original cave dwellings on the site. It serves as the keynote for the layout of the corridor structure and supports the new building complex in a spiritual sense. For the treatment of the vertical "grottos” unit, with the implementation of scattered volumes, hyperbolic shapes, various fenestration dimensions, local materials and construction methods, the building complex attempts to be compatible with the site and amongst other works.
軸測圖，4×6米的軸線網(wǎng)格 Axonometric, the bridge is supported by a hidden four-by-six-meter grid ?一間建筑
村民與游人可自由穿行于“窯洞”之間或木棧道之上，并通過“窯洞”、窗洞、柱子、木橋等組成的邊框，將村內(nèi)外人造或自然景觀框入其中。各“窯洞”里的天窗及七米層高讓住戶在進(jìn)入建筑后可專注于空間的垂直性，“以天地為房屋，以房子為衣服” (劉伶)。大面積天窗讓住客可體驗(yàn)農(nóng)村“日出而作，日入而息”的作息以及提升對(duì)太陽軌跡的敏感度。冬季熱能從天窗進(jìn)入，并由雙層磚墻保存；夏季熱能可通過體量產(chǎn)生的煙囪效應(yīng)由不同方向的窗戶排出。
Wandering under and above the wooden bridge, one could oversee surrounding landscape and aboriginal architecture of Yu County, which are framed by the hyperbolic facade, pine wood columns and corten-steel fenestration of the complex. With assistance of the seven-meter-high ceiling, the sun roof of the vertical "grottos” encourages residents to focus on the verticality of the space, "housed by the sky and the earth, and clothed by the house" (Liu Ling). The introduction of generous skylights contextualises residents to rurality’s rhythm of "working from dawn to dusk" and further expose their sensitivity to the sun's trajectory. Climatically, in order to warm the three quarters of Zhangjiakou averaging 10 Degree Celsius, sun rays enter through skylights and are preserved by double-layered brick walls; during summer, heat can be discharged via chimney effect given rise by the collaboration of the unit’s geometry and fenestration.
室內(nèi)布置 Interior ?郭哲
房間 Room ?郭哲
抬頭可見大面積天窗 Generous skylights ?郭哲
建筑立面凸出的磚塊是局部建筑過程之載體，曾為竹棚作臨時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)支撐點(diǎn)以供磚匠完成平均高7米的雙層磚墻。他們與連廊木結(jié)構(gòu)的能見度取決于太陽強(qiáng)度及角度和云層密度，于建筑雙曲面映出瞬息的時(shí)空關(guān)系。
The protruding bricks on the elevation, as the vehicle of a part of the construction process, were the position where the scaffolding found its temporary support for bricklayers to complete the double-layered brick wall with an average height of 7 meters. Their visibility on the facade depends on the intensity of the sun and cloud density. The shadow of the protrusions and wood bridge cast on the hyperboloid morphs with the sun’s trajectory, emerging ephemeral time-spaces.
立面細(xì)部，可見凸出的磚塊 The protruding bricks on the elevation ?郭哲
連廊木結(jié)構(gòu) Wooden bridge ?郭哲
考慮到建筑群日后的發(fā)展方向，聚落的體量分散手法可增加對(duì)未來不同功能的包容性，“窯洞”與“窯洞”之間和木棧道可供雕塑或其他裝置藝術(shù)品作展覽空間，亦使得鄉(xiāng)村的空間體驗(yàn)?zāi)軌蛴隗w量間得以延續(xù)。除了與農(nóng)村建立起良好的物理關(guān)系之外，沿用合適的運(yùn)營模式以及文化內(nèi)容生產(chǎn)與再生是農(nóng)村振興項(xiàng)目可持續(xù)發(fā)展的動(dòng)能，從而讓建筑成為一個(gè)真正意義上的文化載體及引擎。
Taking into account the future possible development of the complex, the strategy of fragmenting the volumes raises tolerance for possible future programmes, the rural spatial experience can, moreover, be carried on via the in-betweens. The void among the vertical "grottos” and wooden bridge can be used as workshop, market or exhibition spaces for art installations. With involvement of local villagers in the maintenance and management of the complex, cultural interceptions are initiated regularly between the local and tourists. Feeding the curiosity of respective parties and functioning as a micro-incubator for rural-urban interchange. In the long run, the plasticity and modifiability of the hostel complex is powered by the operational considerations and continuous production and reproduction of cultural content.
“窯洞”與“窯洞”之間和木棧道可供雕塑或其他裝置藝術(shù)品作展覽空間 The void among the vertical "grottos” and wooden bridge can be used as workshop, market or exhibition spaces for art installations ?郭哲
頂視圖，夜景 Top view, night view ?郭哲
夜景 Night view ?郭哲
項(xiàng)目圖紙
地面層平面圖 Ground floor plan ?一間建筑
二層平面圖 First floor plan ?一間建筑
剖面圖A-ASection A-A ?一間建筑
剖面圖B-B Section B-B ?一間建筑
項(xiàng)目信息
項(xiàng)目名稱：西窯洞里
項(xiàng)目地址：西窯頭村，張家口，河北，我國
項(xiàng)目類型：民宿/酒店
項(xiàng)目年份：2021
建筑面積：820 ㎡
建筑設(shè)計(jì)：一間建筑 A( )VOID
主持建筑師：韓櫞
設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)：馬廷光、黃天佑、姚家文
合作設(shè)計(jì)院：北京騰遠(yuǎn)工程設(shè)計(jì)有限公司
項(xiàng)目總策劃：易居聯(lián)合創(chuàng)始人朱旭東
指導(dǎo)單位：北京市密云區(qū)人民政府 /張家口市人民政府 / 我國物業(yè)管理協(xié)會(huì)鄉(xiāng)村振興協(xié)作委員會(huì)
投資單位：蔚縣人民政府/上海太德勵(lì)拓互聯(lián)網(wǎng)科技股份有限公司
策劃開發(fā)：太德樂農(nóng)（北京）互聯(lián)網(wǎng)科技有限公司
施工營建：唐山市市政集團(tuán)有限公司
內(nèi)裝工程：上海歐開建筑裝飾工程有限公司
運(yùn)營顧問：華僑城度假酒店管理（上海）有限公司
運(yùn)營管理：蔚縣良耜文化發(fā)展有限公司
項(xiàng)目攝影：郭哲 | 微風(fēng)建筑攝影
